The Role of Electrons in Optics and Photonics: Laser and Optoelectronics

Abstract

As a core element linking optical and photonic processes, electrons play a crucial role in supporting mechanisms of light radiation, optical modulation, and photoenergy conversion through their microscopic behavior. With the continuous advancement of micro-nano structural design and material systems, the mechanisms by which electrons function in lasers and optoelectronic devices exhibit high complexity and functional diversity. This study systematically explores the coupling rules between electrons and electromagnetic fields, the influence of electronic energy-state structures on photon generation processes, and the regulatory pathways of optical response performance through electron-state manipulation. In laser systems, the excitation dynamics, transport behavior, and photon-coupling strength of electrons collectively determine the threshold, efficiency, and modulation characteristics of laser output. Optoelectronic systems emphasize carrier control, modulation response models, and the high-density integration of electronic functional modules, aiming to achieve high-speed, low-power, and programmable on-chip photonic functions. Research indicates that precise control of electron behavior not only drives breakthroughs in photonic device performance but also provides a solid foundation for constructing a new generation of highly integrated photonic systems.